Nanomedicines and drug delivery systems for modulating immune training in cancer and infectious diseases.

Immunity training is the epigenetic and metabolic remodulation of the innate immune system in response to primary stimuli, ultimately enhancing or attenuating secondary immune responses. Modulating immune training has emerged as a revolutionary approach to treating cancer and infectious diseases through nanomedicines and drug delivery systems. Nanomedicines and drug delivery systems offer effective strategies to overcome the limitations of conventional therapies by enhancing safety, biocompatibility, and targeted delivery of immunomodulators within a patient-oriented framework. In this mini-review, we discuss the immune training modulating mechanism through epigenetic reprogramming and metabolic remodeling. We have highlighted recent preclinical approaches to modulate immune training using nanomedicine and drug delivery systems, and have finally addressed their challenges and future perspectives.