Indian journal of urology : IJU : journal of the Urological Society of India · 2026
Deciphering the clinical significance of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in urothelial carcinoma of bladder.
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Niharika, Tripathi Shreyansh, Singhai Atin, Goel Apul, Kumar Niraj, Garg Minal
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Considering an important interplay of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 in autophagy, where Bcl-2 inhibits autophagy by binding and inhibiting Beclin-1, evaluation of their expressions may provide insights into the tumor biology of the clinically distinct non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) and muscle invasive bladder cancer (MIBC).
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 expressions were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western hybridization, and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) in 47 NMIBC and 37 MIBC patients. Their expressions were evaluated in relation to patients' demographics. Autophagic vesicles (AVs)/autophagy were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
RESULTS: Fold change expressions of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2, at the gene level, were observed to be asymmetrical/skewed. Significances of expressions at the mRNA level with tumor stage (P = 0.0415), grade (P = 0.0488), and size (0.0451) in the NMIBC cohort were observed, whereas Bcl-2 expression exhibited significances with stage (P = 0.0328) and tumor type (P = 0.0499) in NMIBC and MIBC (P = 0.0474) patients. Western blotting and IHC showed decreased Beclin-1 and increased Bcl-2 immunostaining with an increase in the tumor stage and grade. TEM micrographs recorded an increase in AVs/autophagy in a tumor stage and grade-dependent manner. Tumor size was identified as a predictor of short progression-free survival (P = 0.031) in NMIBC patients. The Kaplan-Meier test could not identify Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 as the predictors of survival outcomes.
CONCLUSION: Beclin-1 downregulation, Bcl-2 upregulation, and increased autophagy in tumor stage and grade-dependent manner suggest their role in aggressiveness of the bladder cancer.
MATERIALS AND METHODS: Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 expressions were examined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western hybridization, and immunohistochemical staining (IHC) in 47 NMIBC and 37 MIBC patients. Their expressions were evaluated in relation to patients' demographics. Autophagic vesicles (AVs)/autophagy were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM).
RESULTS: Fold change expressions of Beclin-1 and Bcl-2, at the gene level, were observed to be asymmetrical/skewed. Significances of expressions at the mRNA level with tumor stage (P = 0.0415), grade (P = 0.0488), and size (0.0451) in the NMIBC cohort were observed, whereas Bcl-2 expression exhibited significances with stage (P = 0.0328) and tumor type (P = 0.0499) in NMIBC and MIBC (P = 0.0474) patients. Western blotting and IHC showed decreased Beclin-1 and increased Bcl-2 immunostaining with an increase in the tumor stage and grade. TEM micrographs recorded an increase in AVs/autophagy in a tumor stage and grade-dependent manner. Tumor size was identified as a predictor of short progression-free survival (P = 0.031) in NMIBC patients. The Kaplan-Meier test could not identify Beclin-1 and Bcl-2 as the predictors of survival outcomes.
CONCLUSION: Beclin-1 downregulation, Bcl-2 upregulation, and increased autophagy in tumor stage and grade-dependent manner suggest their role in aggressiveness of the bladder cancer.