Functional role of the second messengers PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 in carcinogenesis.

PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2 are second messengers and key regulators of tumorigenesis. Their production and degradation are spatiotemporally regulated by a network of phosphoinositide kinases and phosphatases which is frequently altered in cancer. Both molecules serve as docking and activation sites for PH-domain containing effector proteins regulating oncogenic traits. This review will detail the proteins and pathways involved in the upstream regulation and downstream functions of PtdIns(3,4,5)P3 and PtdIns(3,4)P2. In addition, it will cover the spatiotemporal distribution of these two PtdIns and relevant analysis techniques.