Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses · 2026
Efficacy of Distraction Techniques on Preschool Children's Pain and Physiological Indicators During Venipuncture: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
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Tavakolnia Zahra, Mirzaie Taklimi Mahshid, Yaghobi Yasaman, Maroufizadeh Saman
Аннотация
PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine and compare the effect of listening to music and watching cartoons on pain and physiological indicators resulting from venipuncture in hospitalized children at the Hefdah-Shahrivar Educational and Medical Center in Rasht, Iran.
DESIGN & METHODS: This clinical trial enrolled 114 hospitalized children aged 3-6 years over 3 months. The participants were allocated to three groups: music, cartoon, and control using a consecutive random sampling method and block randomization. Interventions were performed from 3 minutes prior to the procedure until its completion. Pain was assessed using the Oucher pain scale, and physiological indicators (HR and SpO2) were measured using a pulse oximeter 3 minutes before, during, and after the procedure. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, employing descriptive statistics and statistical tests, including ANCOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests.
RESULTS: The children in the music and cartoon groups had a significantly lower mean pain score than the control group (p < .001), while no significant difference was observed between the two intervention groups (p > .05). Regarding mean heart rate, a significant difference was observed only at the end of venipuncture between the cartoon and control groups (p < .05), with no significant differences in other variables (p > .05). The mean percentage of blood oxygen saturation did not differ significantly between the groups (p > .05).
CONCLUSION: Listening to music and watching cartoons were effective in reducing pain associated with venipuncture in children. Therefore, nurses can utilize these low-cost and low-risk nonpharmacological methods to alleviate pain resulting from invasive procedures.
DESIGN & METHODS: This clinical trial enrolled 114 hospitalized children aged 3-6 years over 3 months. The participants were allocated to three groups: music, cartoon, and control using a consecutive random sampling method and block randomization. Interventions were performed from 3 minutes prior to the procedure until its completion. Pain was assessed using the Oucher pain scale, and physiological indicators (HR and SpO2) were measured using a pulse oximeter 3 minutes before, during, and after the procedure. Data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16, employing descriptive statistics and statistical tests, including ANCOVA and Bonferroni post hoc tests.
RESULTS: The children in the music and cartoon groups had a significantly lower mean pain score than the control group (p < .001), while no significant difference was observed between the two intervention groups (p > .05). Regarding mean heart rate, a significant difference was observed only at the end of venipuncture between the cartoon and control groups (p < .05), with no significant differences in other variables (p > .05). The mean percentage of blood oxygen saturation did not differ significantly between the groups (p > .05).
CONCLUSION: Listening to music and watching cartoons were effective in reducing pain associated with venipuncture in children. Therefore, nurses can utilize these low-cost and low-risk nonpharmacological methods to alleviate pain resulting from invasive procedures.