Nanomedicine targeting neuroinflammatory pathways in Alzheimer's disease: a new frontier in inflammopharmacology.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative illness characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, synaptic compromise, and relentless neuroinflammation. Increasing evidence suggests that neuroinflammatory cascades orchestrated by microglial activation, astrocytic malfunction, cytokine hyperproduction, and inflammasome signalling are at the core of AD pathogenesis. Conventional anti-amyloid and cholinergic treatments are only symptomatic and neglect the inherent neuroimmune dysregulation. Nanomedicine is a revolutionary frontier in inflammopharmacology, which enables the accurate modulation of neuroinflammatory circuits and enhanced brain delivery of medicines. Nanocarriers designed by engineering, including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, and exosomes, allow for targeted delivery across the BBB, increase drug bioavailability, and provide controlled release. The nano-systems are capable of inhibiting pro-inflammatory signalling, such as NF-κB and MAPK pathways, reducing oxidative stress, and enhancing microglial M2 polarization and thus restoring neuronal homeostasis. Recent developments in surface-functionalized and stimuli-responsive nanoplatforms further enable active targeting through receptor-mediated pathways and theranostic imaging in real-time. Comparative studies show that interventions based on nanocarrier-based therapies enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety profiles in preclinical AD models. Future directions include integrating AI-driven nano-design, gene and siRNA delivery, and precision neuropharmacology to enable personalized anti-inflammatory therapies. Substantial progress, translational challenges remain regarding long-term biocompatibility, large-scale production, and clinical validation. Nanomedicine against neuroinflammatory pathways represents a new paradigm for Alzheimer's treatment, linking molecular pharmacology and sophisticated nanotechnology to next-generation neuroinflammatory medicine.