Advanced Multimodal Imaging in Granulomatous Uveitis: From Differential Diagnosis to Treatment Monitoring and Surgical Integration.

Background/Objectives: Granulomatous uveitis comprises a clinically heterogeneous group of inflammatory disorders, including ocular sarcoidosis, Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada disease, sympathetic ophthalmia, tuberculosis-associated uveitis, and syphilitic uveitis. Because these entities may share overlapping posterior segment findings, clinical examination alone is often insufficient for differential diagnosis, particularly when choroidal, retinal, or retinal vascular involvement predominates. Methods: This review provides a clinically oriented overview of multimodal imaging in granulomatous uveitis, including optical coherence tomography (OCT), enhanced-depth imaging OCT, swept-source OCT, OCT angiography, fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein angiography, indocyanine green angiography, and ultrawidefield imaging. Results: Emphasis is placed on imaging patterns that help localize the predominant anatomic compartment of inflammation, distinguish major etiologies, identify diagnostic pitfalls, and assess disease activity over time. By integrating current evidence with representative multimodal imaging findings, we propose an anatomic and decision-oriented framework for interpreting granulomatous posterior segment inflammation. Conclusions: Particular attention is given to the distinction between active inflammation and irreversible structural damage, as this distinction may influence treatment escalation or tapering, timing of elective surgery, local corticosteroid therapy, and the need for diagnostic sampling in infectious or masquerade-like presentations.