Ophthalmic features of HIV associated cryptococcal meningitis in Malawian Adults: an observational study.

BACKGROUND

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) is the commonest neurological complication in patients with advanced HIV. Visual disturbance is a frequent presenting symptom. Papilloedema is commonly reported but other ophthalmic findings are not well described.

METHODS

We performed an observational study comparing severely immunocompromised HIV-infected patients with and without CM to determine the nature and prevalence of retinal pathology associated with CM. 70 adult patients were enrolled in Blantyre Malawi, 35 with CM and 35 HIV-infected patients without CM.

RESULTS

79% (19/24) of CM patients examined on day one had evidence of retinal abnormalities compared to 17% (6/35) of HIV-infected controls (p < 0.001). In the CM group, retinal whitening was the commonest abnormality (50%), followed by optic disc swelling (29%), haemorrhage (25%) and vascular abnormalities (7%). Retinal whitening was the only abnormality observed in the comparator group (17%). In CM, there was no significant difference between those with and without retinal abnormalities in fungal burden (13,550 cfu/ml vs. 9,150 cfu/ml; p = 0.65), CD4 count (28 cells/μl vs. 76 cells/μl; p = 0.79) or CSF opening pressure (21 cm H20 vs. 27 cm H20; p = 0.5). There was no association between presence/absence of retinal abnormalities and death (40% 10-week mortality vs. 26%; p = 0.6).

CONCLUSIONS

Whether the presence of CM retinopathy could be used as a marker of disease severity warrants further investigation. The observed ophthalmic findings provide a descriptive framework for CM retinopathy to be utilised in future CM studies.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN ( ISRCTN45035509) 19/06/2012.