The autonomic nervous system in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism.

The autonomic nervous system is a crucial mediator between the central nervous system and peripheral tissues and is essential for maintaining homeostasis. In this Review, we discuss the bidirectional communication between the autonomic nervous system and metabolic tissues in humans, focusing on the coordination of systemic glucose and lipid metabolism through autonomic signalling across changing physiological states. We also discuss the crosstalk between autonomic and immune pathways and its relevance for metabolic control. An overview of current methodologies to assess autonomic function in humans shows that quantifying organ-specific autonomic outflows remains challenging. Chronic disturbances in autonomic regulation are increasingly recognized as contributors to metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Hence, emerging therapeutic strategies targeting autonomic function could offer promising opportunities to improve metabolic health. Progress will depend on the development of tools to selectively assess autonomic input to individual metabolic organs. Addressing high inter-individual variability and capturing the temporal dynamics of organ-specific autonomic regulation will be essential for advancing mechanistic insights, ultimately enabling clinical translation.