In situ engineered selenium nanoparticles enable multifunctional PLA mixed matrix membranes with potential for hemodialysis.

The development of advanced membrane materials capable of combining high filtration efficiency, fouling resistance, antibacterial activity and blood compatibility remains a key challenge in the design of next-generation hemodialysis systems. In this study, polylactic acid (PLA)/PEG mixed-matrix membranes incorporating selenium nanoparticles (Se-NPs), synthesised in situ using ascorbic acid, were fabricated and evaluated as potential candidates for hemodialysis applications. Comprehensive physicochemical characterisation (SEM, TEM, FT-IR, AFM) confirmed the effective formation and uniform distribution of Se-NPs within the polymer matrix, as well as their influence on membrane morphology, hydrophilicity, and nanomechanical properties. The incorporation of Se-NPs significantly improved antifouling performance by reducing BSA adsorption and increasing hydrophilicity, with the 30Se membrane showing the most favourable behaviour. Filtration studies revealed a promising balance between permeability and selectivity, including high pure water flux, efficient creatinine clearance (>90%), and reduced BSA loss, highlighting their relevance for dialysis-like separation processes. Additionally, Se-NP loading imparted antibacterial activity, particularly against E. coli, which may help mitigate infection risks associated with extracorporeal blood purification. Biocompatibility assessments including cytotoxicity, hemolysis, plasma recalcification time, and platelet adhesion demonstrated that the materials maintain excellent compatibility with blood components. Overall, the incorporation of Se-NPs into PLA-based membranes yields multifunctional materials with strong potential for future hemodialysis applications, warranting further optimisation and in-depth biological evaluation.