Hepatocellular Carcinoma Associated with Hepatic Sarcoidosis and Budd-Chiari Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of the Literature.

Hepatic sarcoidosis may progress to cirrhosis, whereas Budd-Chiari syndrome (BCS) is characterized by a hepatic venous outflow obstruction and it is associated with the risk of liver injury. The coexistence of hepatic sarcoidosis and BCS is extremely rare, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has not been previously reported in this setting. We describe the case of a 71-year-old woman with cutaneous sarcoidosis who presented with HCC and was diagnosed with BCS and hepatic granulomas with advanced fibrosis. This case suggests that these two conditions may act additively or synergistically to create a pro-carcinogenic hepatic environment.