Special Anatomic Considerations in Otosclerosis Surgery.

The anatomy of the vestibular organs together with considerations of the middle and inner ear anatomy relevant to stapes surgery is discussed. An archival collection of macerated and freshly frozen human temporal bones underwent micro-computed tomography (CT) with subsequent volume-rendering. Three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions and the topographic anatomy of the oval window were considered. Micro-CT and 3D rendering revealed the relationship between the otolith organs and the oval window. Anatomic variations were extensive and included the distance between the footplate and the reconstructed macula margins. A "no-go" zone is suggested for the surgeon to avoid injury during stapes surgery.