American journal of ophthalmology · 2026
Trends in Amblyopia Risk Factors and Socioeconomic Disparities in Scottish Children Aged 3.5 to 5.5 Years.
СтатьяПоддержка исследования: вне правительства СШАНазвание и аннотация: Перевод в очереди
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Conway Miriam L, Evans Bruce J W, Pentland Lee, Edgar David F, Shah Rakhee, Evans Benjamin E W
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: Scotland's comprehensive orthoptist-led vision screening program for children (3.5-5.5 years) has participation of ∼85% (∼45,000 annually). Tests include presenting vision, cover test, and other orthoptic evaluations. Screening failures are referred for an eye examination, including cycloplegic refraction, by an optometrist/ophthalmologist.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: report prevalence of amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) in a defined population.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: investigate associations between ARFs and deprivation/housing/location.
DESIGN: Retrospective cohort and trend study.
PARTICIPANTS: Scottish children aged 3.5 to 5.5 years.
METHODS: ARFs considered were constant manifest strabismus, hyperopia (spherical equivalent refraction, SER) >+4.00D (one/both eyes), astigmatism >1.75DC (one/both eyes), anisometropia >1.25DC for astigmatism and >1.25D (SER) for hyperopic or mixed anisometropia. Data are from 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2020/21, and 2021/22 school years, from Health Boards containing 87% of Scotland's population.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Refractive error and cover test results.
RESULTS: Prevalence (95% CI) of ≥ one ARF ranged from 4.41% (4.21-4.60, 2013-14) to 5.15% (4.92-5.38, 2021-22), with no statistically significant relationship between prevalence of any ARF and time (for Bonferroni corrected adjusted P-value = .008). In 2021 to 22, for children with ≥1 ARF, 48.23% had astigmatism, 35.10% hyperopia (SER), 26.59% hyperopic anisometropia (SER), 13.73% constant manifest strabismus and 12.64% astigmatic anisometropia. Correlations between ARFs and deprivation/housing/location were not significant (P = .06 to 1.00). For all years, odds ratios for referral following screening failure in quintile 1 (most deprived) were significantly higher (39% to 60% higher, P < .001) than middle quintile 3.
CONCLUSIONS: In this Scottish population (3.5 to 5.5 years) the prevalence of children with ≥1 ARF was approximately 5%, validating the universal vision screening program's importance. Children in the most deprived quintile were significantly more likely to fail screening.
PRIMARY OBJECTIVES: report prevalence of amblyopia risk factors (ARFs) in a defined population.
SECONDARY OBJECTIVE: investigate associations between ARFs and deprivation/housing/location.
DESIGN: Retrospective cohort and trend study.
PARTICIPANTS: Scottish children aged 3.5 to 5.5 years.
METHODS: ARFs considered were constant manifest strabismus, hyperopia (spherical equivalent refraction, SER) >+4.00D (one/both eyes), astigmatism >1.75DC (one/both eyes), anisometropia >1.25DC for astigmatism and >1.25D (SER) for hyperopic or mixed anisometropia. Data are from 2013/14, 2014/15, 2015/16, 2020/21, and 2021/22 school years, from Health Boards containing 87% of Scotland's population.
MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Refractive error and cover test results.
RESULTS: Prevalence (95% CI) of ≥ one ARF ranged from 4.41% (4.21-4.60, 2013-14) to 5.15% (4.92-5.38, 2021-22), with no statistically significant relationship between prevalence of any ARF and time (for Bonferroni corrected adjusted P-value = .008). In 2021 to 22, for children with ≥1 ARF, 48.23% had astigmatism, 35.10% hyperopia (SER), 26.59% hyperopic anisometropia (SER), 13.73% constant manifest strabismus and 12.64% astigmatic anisometropia. Correlations between ARFs and deprivation/housing/location were not significant (P = .06 to 1.00). For all years, odds ratios for referral following screening failure in quintile 1 (most deprived) were significantly higher (39% to 60% higher, P < .001) than middle quintile 3.
CONCLUSIONS: In this Scottish population (3.5 to 5.5 years) the prevalence of children with ≥1 ARF was approximately 5%, validating the universal vision screening program's importance. Children in the most deprived quintile were significantly more likely to fail screening.