Latest Management of Cardiac Sarcoidosis: A Comprehensive Review.

Cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) is a rare but serious manifestation of sarcoidosis. Its complications might include high-grade conduction blocks, atrial and ventricular arrhythmias, and even heart failure. Despite its clinical significance, it exhibits a heterogeneous presentation that makes its diagnosis and management challenging. In this review, we aim to address the different management options of CS, encompassing pharmacotherapy, implantable devices, lifestyle modifications, and surgical interventions. Research findings suggested a positive role of corticosteroids in alleviating the inflammation associated with CS while also improving cardiac parameters. However, given their serious side effects, the use of steroid-sparing medications was also supported. In addition, device-based interventions and ablation were effective in managing the increased risk of arrhythmias and heart failure-associated CS. The importance of lifestyle modifications was tackled as a simultaneous treatment option along with the above. Still, interindividual variability and the absence of strict guidelines were major challenges.