Neglected parathyroids: Fluoride's trigger for skeletal fluorosis and endocrine domino effect.

BACKGROUND

Fluoride is a necessary micromineral for bone and dental health but excessive exposure can lead to dental and skeletal fluorosis. This review investigates the effects of fluoride on the parathyroid gland focusing on its structure and functions.

METHODS

Research papers were collected using various methods of data collection like PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar, and then reviewed thoroughly.

RESULTS

Fluoride impacts parathyroid gland function through dose and time dependent modulation of PTH secretion. Various in-vitro and in-vivo studies have shown that fluoride inhibits the cAMP accumulation, and alters the morphology of parathyroid gland which might lead to endocrine dysregulation. In humans' fluoride exposure is related to disrupted serum PTH, calcium and vit. D levels particularly in case of high fluoride intake.

CONCLUSIONS

Studies suggest that fluoride disrupts the balance of calcium and phosphate that may have significant implications on bone health and endocrine function. Fluoride affects the PTH hormone secretion, calcium homeostasis, calcium and vit. D levels. This type of study provides critical insights into pathophysiology of fluoride toxicity. These findings are crucial for health officials so that they can guide people about safe exposure limits of fluoride and damages caused at higher concentrations.