Multiple drivers and long-term patterns of the ecology of segregation in Latin America.

Segregation is a multidimensional phenomenon deeply entwined with historical, social, and ecological contexts. The ecology of segregation framework explores how social norms institutionalize racism, classism, and power dynamics to drive inequitable patterns of environmental benefits and hazards. The ecology of segregation has thus far been applied in the Global North, yet is relevant but not as well studied in the Global South and specifically Latin America. More work is needed to consider how the framework can be applied in other historic, sociocultural, and governance contexts. This paper applies the framework to Valdivia, Chile, illustrating how settler-colonialism, the 1960 9.5 magnitude earthquake, and neoliberal urban policies have shaped Valdivia's patterns of segregation and ecological outcomes. We explore how social-ecological dynamics act as both press and pulse disturbances that drive inequities, including the displacement of Indigenous Mapuche communities, the spatial restructuring and sprawling development postearthquake, and urban expansion and infill of wetlands influenced by market-oriented governance. Historical colonization entrenched systemic inequalities, while the earthquake altered wetland cover and formalized segregation. More recent land-use policies and urbanization trends further exacerbate disparities, with wealthier neighborhoods gaining greater access to green spaces and environmental amenities. We make the case that the long-term historic patterns and processes have important implications for understanding the current dynamics of-and future trajectories for-environmental justice. The findings call for inclusive urban planning, with community driven bottom-up and top-down approaches and acknowledgment of Indigenous perspectives, to mitigate entrenched inequalities and foster sustainable development.