New Strategies for the Treatment of Diabetic Foot Ulcers Using Nanoenzymes: Frontline Advances in Anti-Infection, Immune Regulation, and Microenvironment Improvement.

Diabetic foot ulcers are one of the most serious consequences of diabetes, arising from vascular impairment of the skin and disturbances in the microenvironment. This condition involves pathological changes such as wound infection, hyperglycemia, hypoxia, oxidative stress, and cellular dysfunction, necessitating multifaceted interventions. Traditional treatments often target only the wound itself, resulting in limited effectiveness. In contrast, nanoenzymes offer a promising therapeutic option due to their excellent biocompatibility and tissue permeability. They exhibit higher catalytic efficiency, optimal size and structure, and improved stability compared to natural enzymes. Encapsulating various nanoenzymes within novel biomaterials can enhance therapeutic outcomes through antibacterial action, glycemic control, oxygen delivery, antioxidative effects, anti-inflammatory properties, and angiogenesis promotion. This approach represents a key direction for future diabetic wound treatment. This article summarizes the role of nanoenzymes in diabetic wound management and discusses the potential mechanisms of their action. We also provide an outlook on their application prospects, aiming to advance their clinical utilization.