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Войти в исследования OTO open · 2026
How Easily Can AI Chatbots Spread Misinformation in Audiology and Otolaryngology?
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Jedrzejczak W Wiktor, Szkiełkowska Agata, Raj-Koziak Danuta, Włodarczyk Elżbieta, Skarżyński Henryk, Kochanek Krzysztof
Аннотация
OBJECTIVE: Chatbots powered by large language models (LLMs) have recently emerged as prominent sources of information. However, their ability to propagate misinformation as well as information, particularly in specialized fields like audiology and otolaryngology, remains underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of 6 popular chatbots-ChatGPT, Gemini, Claude, DeepSeek, Grok, and Mistral-in response to questions framed around a range of unproven methods in audiological and otolaryngological care.
STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
SETTING: A set of 50 questions was developed based on common conversations between patients and clinicians. We then posed these questions to the chatbots.
METHODS: We tested each chatbot 10 times to account for variable responses, producing a total of 3000 responses. The responses were compared with correct answers based on the general opinion of 11 professionals. The consistency of the responses was evaluated by Cohen's Kappa.
RESULTS: Most chatbot responses to the majority of questions were deemed accurate. Grok consistently performed best, where its answers aligned perfectly with the opinions of the experts. Deepseek exhibited the lowest accuracy, scoring 95.8%. Mistral exhibited the lowest consistency, scoring 0.96.
CONCLUSIONS: Although all the chatbots generally avoided endorsing unproven methods, some responses deviated from the expert consensus and could therefore be said to contribute to the spread of misinformation. The best performer among the group was Grok, which provided consistently accurate responses, showing it has the potential for clinical and educational use within audiology and otolaryngology.
STUDY DESIGN: Cross-sectional study.
SETTING: A set of 50 questions was developed based on common conversations between patients and clinicians. We then posed these questions to the chatbots.
METHODS: We tested each chatbot 10 times to account for variable responses, producing a total of 3000 responses. The responses were compared with correct answers based on the general opinion of 11 professionals. The consistency of the responses was evaluated by Cohen's Kappa.
RESULTS: Most chatbot responses to the majority of questions were deemed accurate. Grok consistently performed best, where its answers aligned perfectly with the opinions of the experts. Deepseek exhibited the lowest accuracy, scoring 95.8%. Mistral exhibited the lowest consistency, scoring 0.96.
CONCLUSIONS: Although all the chatbots generally avoided endorsing unproven methods, some responses deviated from the expert consensus and could therefore be said to contribute to the spread of misinformation. The best performer among the group was Grok, which provided consistently accurate responses, showing it has the potential for clinical and educational use within audiology and otolaryngology.