Management of splanchnic venous thrombosis after splenectomy in hematologic diseases. systematic review, meta-analysis and consensus guidelines.

BACKGROUND

Splanchnic venous thrombosis (SVT) is a potentially severe and frequently underdiagnosed complication following splenectomy in patients with hematologic diseases. Despite its clinical importance, no standardized, evidence-based guidelines currently exist to inform perioperative prevention, diagnosis, or treatment in this population.

MATERIALS AND

METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines to estimate the incidence and risk factors for SVT after splenectomy in patients with hematologic diseases. Twenty-eight observational studies comprising 5,025 patients were included. Risk factor data were analyzed using random-effects models. In parallel, an international Delphi consensus process was performed involving 35 experts (hematologists and surgeons) from 14 countries. Experts were assigned to five domain-specific groups and developed clinical statements on prophylaxis, diagnosis, and management of SVT. Consensus was defined as ≥80% agreement, and recommendations were graded using the GRADE framework.

RESULTS

The pooled incidence of SVT after splenectomy was 11.4%, with higher rates in studies using routine imaging (20.7%) and those conducted at single centers (15.1%). Splenic size and weight were significant risk factors, while age, BMI, and platelet count were not. Disease-specific risk was highest in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms, lymphoma, and thalassemia. The Delphi process generated 25 consensus statements, 14 of which were classified as strong recommendations. Key guidance included perioperative vaccination, individualized thromboprophylaxis with BMI-adjusted low molecular weight heparin, selective Doppler-based screening in high-risk patients, and stepwise anticoagulation regimens based on thrombus burden and clinical evolution.

CONCLUSION

This study presents the first international consensus-based guidelines for managing SVT after splenectomy in patients with hematologic disease. Developed through systematic evidence synthesis and expert consensus, these recommendations provide a practical framework rather than definitive standards of care and support individualized prevention, detection, and treatment strategies in this high-risk population.