Pharmacology of Commonly Used Sedative Agents.

This article reviews the role of outpatient dental sedation in managing patients with dental anxiety or phobia. Sedation helps reduce pain, fear, and memory of procedures while improving patient cooperation and treatment outcomes. The article discusses commonly used sedative and adjunct medications, including midazolam, remimazolam, propofol, ketamine, opioids such as fentanyl and remifentanil, and supportive drugs like dexmedetomidine, diphenhydramine, atropine, glycopyrrolate, and ondansetron. Newer agents such as remimazolam and ketofol combinations may offer improved safety and recovery profiles. Overall, the article emphasizes individualized patient care and thorough pharmacologic knowledge to ensure safe and effective outpatient dental sedation.