Dynorphinergic neuroadaptations in the islands of Calleja: implications for alcohol use disorder.

Dysregulation of the dynorphin (DYN)/kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) system is heavily implicated in symptoms of alcohol use disorder (AUD) including negative affective-like states that can drive maladaptive behavioral regulation. Substantial efforts have been made towards understanding the neurobiology of DYN/KOR dysregulation; however, the role of dynorphinergic islands of Calleja (IC) within the olfactory tubercle (OT; part of the ventral striatum) remain poorly understood. Presently, adult male Wistar rats were trained to self-administer 10% alcohol, exposed to either air or alcohol vapor for eight weeks, and alcohol self-administration and 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs) assessed during acute withdrawal. Subsequently, brains were extracted during acute withdrawal and DYN A-like immunoreactivity was measured in the OT. Alcohol vapor-exposed rats demonstrated increased alcohol consumption and 22-kHz USVs compared to air-exposed controls. Vapor-exposed rats additionally demonstrated increased DYN A-like immunoreactivity in the IC. Moreover, the average DYN A neuron size positively correlated with the number of 22-kHz USVs in vapor exposed animals, but not in air-exposed controls. The present findings identify the IC as a novel DYN-associated region that may be recruited during alcohol dependence with enhanced DYN plasticity in the IC contributing to affective dysregulation in AUD and other neuropsychiatric conditions.