Mental health outcomes and associated factors among Myanmar refugees: systematic review.

BACKGROUND

Over 1.6 million refugees and asylum seekers from Myanmar reside in neighbouring countries. These populations face substantial mental health challenges, yet existing evidence remains fragmented, making a comprehensive review essential.

AIMS: To synthesise evidence on common mental disorders among Myanmar refugees, examine associated factors and explore challenges across host countries and refugee subgroups.

METHOD: A systematic search of PubMed, PsycINFO, Web of Science, Embase, Scopus and grey literature was conducted through July 2025. Eligible studies reported on common mental disorders among Myanmar refugees of any age in regional host countries. Two reviewers independently screened studies and extracted data dually, assessed risk of bias with Joanna Briggs Institute checklists and synthesised findings narratively.

RESULTS

Of 1614 records, 14 studies met inclusion criteria, covering >10 800 refugees in Bangladesh (n = 9), Thailand (n = 3) and Malaysia (n = 2). Reported prevalence was high for depression (30.0-89.0%), anxiety (39.3-41.8%) and post-traumatic stress disorder (3.7-61.2%). Risk factors associated with poorer mental health included potentially traumatic events, female gender, older age, family dependency, post-migration difficulties, lack of social support, food insecurity and pre-existing health conditions. Employment and income were identified as protective factors. Mental health challenges varied by country. Barriers to care included limited service access, lack of culturally appropriate interventions and stigma.

CONCLUSIONS

Myanmar refugees experience a high burden of mental disorders shaped by both potentially traumatic events and post-migration stressors. Effective interventions should be context-specific, focusing on person-centred care tailored to the refugee experience, improved living conditions, strengthened social support and enhanced economic opportunities.