Helminth infection induces a distinct subset of CD101hi lung tissue-infiltrating eosinophils that are differentially regulated by type 2 cytokines.

Eosinophils play divergent roles in health and disease, contributing to both immunoregulatory and proinflammatory responses. Helminth infection is strongly associated with eosinophilia and the induction of the type 2 cytokines interleukin (IL)-5, IL-4 and IL-13. This study aimed to elucidate the heterogeneity of pulmonary eosinophils in response to helminth infection and the roles of IL-5, IL-4 and IL-13 in driving pulmonary eosinophil responses. Using the murine helminth model Nippostrongylus brasiliensis (Nb), we characterize a subtype of eosinophils, defined by high expression of CD101, that is induced in the lungs of Nb-infected mice and are phenotypically distinct from lung eosinophils that express low levels of CD101. Strikingly, we show that the two eosinophil subtypes have distinct anatomical localization within the lung: CD101low eosinophils are predominantly localized in the lung vasculature, whereas Nb-induced CD101hi eosinophils are predominantly localized in the extravascular lung niche. We show that CD101hi eosinophils are also induced across other models of pulmonary infection and inflammation, including a nonlung-migrating helminth infection, house dust mite-induced allergic inflammation and influenza infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the induction of CD101hi tissue eosinophils is independent of IL-5 and IL-4 signaling, but is dependent on intact IL-13 signaling. These results suggest that IL-13 produced during helminth infection and other disease states promotes a pulmonary tissue-infiltrating program in eosinophils defined by high expression of CD101.