Dietary trends over a 15-y period (2007-2022) in the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology (PURE) study.

BACKGROUND

Prospective cohort studies documenting long-term dietary trends across multiple world regions are lacking.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate 15-y (2007-2022) changes in food and beverage consumption among adults aged 35-70 y living in 626 urban and rural communities across 16 high-income (HIC), middle-income (MIC) and low-income (LIC) countries.

METHODS

In the Prospective Urban Rural Epidemiology Study, dietary intake was assessed using an abbreviated food-frequency questionnaire approximately every 3 y across four follow-up visits over a 15-y calendar period (2007-2022). Linear mixed-effect models and mixed-effect multinomial logistic regression were used to evaluate changes in food and beverage consumption over time. Dietary changes <0.05 servings/d (s/d) are presented as servings/wk (s/wk). Changes of <0.2 s/d change over the study period were considered modest. Participant demographics (age, sex, urban/rural residence, and education) closely matched national distributions in each country.

RESULTS

A total of 120 782 participants provided at least one dietary assessment (median follow-up: 12.1 y). Consumption of animal-based products has generally increased, with clear regional differences. Milk increased in China (+0.21 s/d, +0.15 to +0.26), and in LICs (+0.08 s/d, +0.05 to +0.11); decreased in HICs (-0.10 s/d, -0.12 to -0.07) and in MICs (-0.21 s/wk, -0.28 to -0.15). Eggs increased in HICs, MICs, and in China up to 0.12 eggs/d (+0.11 to +0.14); no change in LICs. All regions increased chicken intake. Only HICs increased cooked fish consumption (0.28 s/wk, +0.06 to +0.50). By contrast, plant-based food intake has generally decreased, but these changes were generally small, and there was some regional variation. Fruit consumption decreased in HICs (-0.16 s/d, -0.18 to -0.14) and MICs (-0.09 s/d, -0.10 to -0.07); increased in China (+0.13 s/d, +0.11 to +0.14) and LICs (+0.22 s/wk, +0.16 to +0.29). Fresh and cooked vegetable consumption decreased in HICs (-0.05 s/d [-0.06, -0.04] and -0.17 s/wk [-0.30 to -0.03], respectively), MICs (-0.19 s/wk [-0.23 to -0.16] and -0.08 s/d [-0.09 to -0.07], respectively), and in China (-0.07 s/d [-0.08 to -0.06] and -0.31 s/wk [-0.40 to -0.23], respectively). In LICs, fresh vegetable consumption increased (+0.19 s/wk, +0.12 to +0.26); cooked vegetable intake was unchanged. Rice consumption decreased in all regions.

CONCLUSIONS

In this international prospective study, dietary changes for most foods and beverages during the 15-y (2007-2022) study period were modest in size (most changes <0.2 s/d), but varied by region. Animal-source food intake generally increased, particularly in rapidly developing economies, while plant-based food intake decreased. As these shifts remain below the magnitude usually associated with measurable changes in disease risk, their clinical importance is uncertain.