An in-body networking system for communication between wearable and implantable therapeutics.

Networks of bioelectronic sensors and actuators enable closed-loop therapies that connect distant, related physiological dynamics. Currently, device interactions are limited by communication methods that inefficiently penetrate tissue and require bulky components. Inspired by the ionic signaling of the nervous system, we engineered a communication platform that uses tissue as a conductive medium to transmit signals among implants and wearables through epidermal, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal, and gastrointestinal spaces. Devices generate transient electric fields that selectively activate other devices when receiving pulses that switch on their specific transistor circuits. Implants are syringe-injectable, require negligible power consumption in listening states, and provide >10× greater tissue communication coverage than Bluetooth. In vivo in rats, we demonstrate coordinated, full-body networks of sensors and neural interfaces that enable wireless dual-limb motor control.