Revisiting Antiplatelet Therapy in Acute Carotid Tandem Lesions.

Background/

Objectives

Acute carotid tandem lesions (TLs), defined by concurrent cervical internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis or occlusion and intracranial large vessel occlusion, occur in 10-20% of patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy (MT) for acute ischemic stroke (AIS). Optimal periprocedural antiplatelet management during emergent carotid artery stenting (eCAS) remains uncertain, particularly regarding the balance between preventing stent thrombosis and avoiding hemorrhagic complications.

Methods

A narrative review was conducted using PubMed and Scopus (until 6 March 2026) to identify English-language studies evaluating antiplatelet therapies during eCAS for TLs. We included seven real-world studies and registry analyses. Data on study design, patient characteristics, procedural strategies, angiographic results, functional outcomes, and safety metrics were extracted.

Results

No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified. The available evidence is derived exclusively from observational studies. Across these cohorts, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors (GPIs), particularly tirofiban, were generally associated with lower rates of in-stent thrombosis and higher reperfusion success, with symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH) rates that appeared comparable to or lower than those reported with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). Cangrelor, an intravenous (IV) P2Y12 inhibitor, was associated with improved stent patency and increased likelihood of complete reperfusion, although reported effects on clinical outcomes were inconsistent when compared with GPIs or ASA. Aside from abciximab, potent IV antiplatelet agents did not consistently show an increased sICH signal. Oral dual antiplatelet therapy was also associated with improved technical outcomes without a clear excess in bleeding complications.

Conclusions

Current real-world observational data suggest that rapid-acting IV antiplatelet agents-particularly GPIs and, increasingly, cangrelor-may represent feasible periprocedural options during eCAS for TLs, with potential benefits for technical success and no consistent evidence of increased hemorrhagic risk. However, interpretation is limited by study heterogeneity and non-randomized designs. The absence of RCTs highlights the need for prospective comparative studies and standardized periprocedural antiplatelet protocols.