The Cultural Face of Physical, Emotional, and Social Resilience: Turkish Validation of the Essential Resilience Scale (ERS).

This study aims to adapt The Essential Resilience Scale (ERS), which assesses resilience within the framework of anticipation, flexibility, and bounce back mechanisms and consists of three sub-dimensions: physical, emotional and social resilience, into Turkish and to evaluate its psychometric properties. The sample consists of a total of 327 participants, 267 females (81.7%) and 58 males (17.7%) between the ages of 18-70 (M = 27.08, SD = 9.73). Test-retest correlation, corrected item-total correlation and Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficients were calculated to test reliability. The construct validity of the ERS was evaluated with first-order and second-order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). For the convergent validity, Brief Resilience Scale (BRS), Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-being Scale (WEMWBS), and Depression Anxiety Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21) was performed with the ERS. The Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficients ranged from 0.61 to 0.82, while the test-retest correlations varied between 0.64 and 0.81. Both first order and second order CFA supported the three-dimensional structure of the ERS, with acceptable-to-good fit of data. In the context of convergent validity analysis, correlation coefficients between the ERS-total resilience and the WEMWBS, BRS, and DASS-21 scales varied between - 0.24 and 0.67. As a result, the findings provide support for the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the ERS that is suitable for using in academic and clinical researches.