Behavioral interventions for tic disorders.

A variety of treatment approaches have been used to manage tic symptoms in Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders. Pharmacological interventions remain the most common approach, but in the past 3 decades, various nonpharmacological treatment options have emerged including: (1) massed practice, (2) relaxation training, (3) self-monitoring, (4) function-based/contingency management procedures, (5) habit reversal training, (6) exposure and response prevention, and (7) cognitive behavior therapy. Each of these procedures is described along with the evidence reflecting its efficacy and usefulness. A synthesis of the findings and implications is provided, including directions and recommendations for future treatment and research.