Journal of endocrinological investigation · 2026
Redefining testosterone reference ranges for adult females.
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Wainwright Esther, Getreu Natalie, Crawford Lauren, Timpson Adrian, Vaz Sofia, Adams George, Lawrie Lucinda, Woolley Timothy, Brightmore Lorna, Abbara Ali, O'Neill Helen C
Аннотация
PURPOSE: To define an age-continuous reference range for testosterone (T) in females.
METHODS: A large-scale retrospective analysis of anonymised serum T collected via capillary sampling from a private healthcare service. 5,323 female individuals (19-59 years) with no history of reproductive conditions, normal BMI and regular cycles were analysed to establish a robust, age-continuous reference range for T, including probability density distributions and specific quantiles. Competing models of log T values as a function of age were statistically assessed, and the best model selected. Additionally, a cohort with self-reported hirsutism was compared.
RESULTS: A weakly skew-Normal distribution describes the best-fit distribution of log T values at any specific age, such that the mean decreases and the variance increases linearly with age. Analysis of the hirsutism cohort showed significantly higher T levels compared to the reference cohort.
CONCLUSION: Establishing a reliable reference range for female T enables clinicians to differentiate between physiological and pathological states (e.g. hyperandrogenism). Here, we establish a robust, age-continuous reference range for T in a large female population under strict inclusion criteria. The findings underscore the importance of age-specific reference ranges and highlight a substantial decrease in T over adult life. This study provides a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers seeking to compare patient hormone levels to a reliable reference distribution of T levels in women.
METHODS: A large-scale retrospective analysis of anonymised serum T collected via capillary sampling from a private healthcare service. 5,323 female individuals (19-59 years) with no history of reproductive conditions, normal BMI and regular cycles were analysed to establish a robust, age-continuous reference range for T, including probability density distributions and specific quantiles. Competing models of log T values as a function of age were statistically assessed, and the best model selected. Additionally, a cohort with self-reported hirsutism was compared.
RESULTS: A weakly skew-Normal distribution describes the best-fit distribution of log T values at any specific age, such that the mean decreases and the variance increases linearly with age. Analysis of the hirsutism cohort showed significantly higher T levels compared to the reference cohort.
CONCLUSION: Establishing a reliable reference range for female T enables clinicians to differentiate between physiological and pathological states (e.g. hyperandrogenism). Here, we establish a robust, age-continuous reference range for T in a large female population under strict inclusion criteria. The findings underscore the importance of age-specific reference ranges and highlight a substantial decrease in T over adult life. This study provides a valuable tool for clinicians and researchers seeking to compare patient hormone levels to a reliable reference distribution of T levels in women.