Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis for the Study of Biomolecular Interactions: Recent Advances and Future Perspectives.

Biomolecular interactions, such as protein-protein, protein-DNA, and protein-RNA interactions, are foundational to numerous vital biological processes and underpin the theoretical basis for disease diagnostics, therapeutic strategies, and drug discovery. The inherent complexity of these systems-characterized by intricate conformational dynamics and sophisticated regulatory networks-poses significant challenges for analytical instrumentation. Affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) has emerged as a powerful technique specifically designed for this purpose, providing a rapid, efficient, and precise means of analyzing proteins and nucleic acids. This review summarizes recent advances in the application of ACE for the study of biomolecular interactions, examines its integration with other separation and analytical techniques, and discusses developmental trends in this dynamic field.