Three-Dimensional Printing in Trichology: A Narrative Mini-Review - Where Are We Now?

BACKGROUND: Alopecia is one of the most prevalent medical conditions worldwide, and traditional therapies, such as topical minoxidil and hair transplants, are limited by pharmacological efficacy and donor-site availability. With technology evolving at a rapid pace, emerging bioengineering strategies are being developed, one of which is three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting of hair follicles. This review focuses on the materials, process, applications, and limitations of 3D printing in trichology, which aims to mimic real hair follicles to produce them de novo.

SUMMARY: This review identifies the synthetic and natural polymers currently used to make bioinks for 3D bioprinting and describes the process where cell populations - primarily dermal papilla cells - are layered to form a dermis and epidermis. The text then explores how this technology can be applied in androgenetic alopecia and full-thickness wound healing, as well as providing a template for surgical practice and an alternative to animal testing. Finally, it addresses the current limitations of this technology, such as its high maintenance cost, finding a balance between viability and printability, and the present inability to apply it to humans.

KEY MESSAGES: 3D bioprinting is an encouraging preclinical approach to overcoming treatment limitations for such a prevalent condition as alopecia. Its versatility would not only help in the treatment of alopecia but also in creating personalized prosthetics, guiding surgical techniques, and improving scientific research. However, while promising in a laboratory setting, further optimization of the bioink as well as cost of maintenance are required before it can be applied to clinical practice.