Topical melatonin in esthetic dermatology: From cutaneous melatoninergic biology to photoprotection, and skin rejuvenation.

Melatonin is increasingly recognized as a multifunctional molecule with potential relevance in esthetic dermatology due to its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and photoprotective properties. In addition to pineal synthesis, melatonin is produced and metabolized locally within the skin, where it contributes to epidermal homeostasis, regulation of oxidative stress, circadian signaling, and protection against environmental damage. Emerging experimental and clinical evidence suggests that topical melatonin may have beneficial effects on skin aging, photoaging, barrier function, and hair follicle biology. Its role in pigmentation and cutaneous repair responses remains investigational. Studies indicate that topical melatonin may reduce UV-induced oxidative damage, modulate inflammatory pathways, preserve mitochondrial function, improve hydration and elasticity, and barrier integrity. Additional areas of interest include androgenetic alopecia, postprocedural recovery, and barrier-supportive skincare, although the strength of evidence varies across indications. This review summarizes the cutaneous melatoninergic system, mechanisms of action of topical melatonin, formulations and delivery considerations, current and potential clinical applications, and key limitations and future directions in esthetic dermatology.