European psychiatry : the journal of the Association of European Psychiatrists · 2025
An intersectional examination of the relationship between racial/ethnic discrimination and psychotic-like experiences: the role of other psychiatric symptoms.
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Ered Arielle, Lipner Emily, O'Brien Kathleen J, Huque Zeeshan M, Anglin Deidre M, Ellman Lauren M
Аннотация
BACKGROUND: Racial and ethnic experiences of discrimination (EODs) are associated with numerous psychiatric symptoms, including outcomes along the psychosis spectrum; however, less is known about mechanisms by which EODs confer risk for psychotic-like experiences (PLEs; common subthreshold psychotic symptoms). Furthermore, work on gendered racism asserts that the intersection of race and gender impacts the nature of EODs experienced and, in turn, may impact the relationship between EODs and PLEs.
AIMS: To utilize an intersectional lens (race and gender) to examine whether psychological correlates of EODs (post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depression, and dissociation) mediate the EOD-PLE relationship.
METHODS: Undergraduates at a diverse, semipublic university (N = 1,759) completed self-report questionnaires (Experiences of Discrimination Scale, Prodromal Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Dissociative Experiences Scale, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version). Analyses stratified the sample by race (non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian) and examined three multiple mediation models, moderated by gender, examining the pathway from EODs to PLEs, through other psychiatric symptoms.
RESULTS: In the full sample, all psychiatric symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between EODs and PLEs. Only depression varied by gender, such that the indirect effect was only significant in female participants (β = 0.09; 95% CI [0.02, 0.16]). Across race-stratified groups, significant mediators varied by both race and gender.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the importance of accounting for intersectionality and multiple psychological symptoms in understanding the EOD-PLE associations, which differ by race and ethnicity as well as gender, and should be considered in clinical treatment of individuals with PLEs and history of EODs.
AIMS: To utilize an intersectional lens (race and gender) to examine whether psychological correlates of EODs (post-traumatic stress, anxiety, depression, and dissociation) mediate the EOD-PLE relationship.
METHODS: Undergraduates at a diverse, semipublic university (N = 1,759) completed self-report questionnaires (Experiences of Discrimination Scale, Prodromal Questionnaire, Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Dissociative Experiences Scale, and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist - Civilian Version). Analyses stratified the sample by race (non-Hispanic White, Black, and Asian) and examined three multiple mediation models, moderated by gender, examining the pathway from EODs to PLEs, through other psychiatric symptoms.
RESULTS: In the full sample, all psychiatric symptoms significantly mediated the relationship between EODs and PLEs. Only depression varied by gender, such that the indirect effect was only significant in female participants (β = 0.09; 95% CI [0.02, 0.16]). Across race-stratified groups, significant mediators varied by both race and gender.
CONCLUSIONS: These findings underscore the importance of accounting for intersectionality and multiple psychological symptoms in understanding the EOD-PLE associations, which differ by race and ethnicity as well as gender, and should be considered in clinical treatment of individuals with PLEs and history of EODs.