Biofabrication for spatial control of multiscale biological crosstalk in tissue models.

Native tissue crosstalk depends on spatial organization, temporal dynamics, and mechanical context, yet 2D cultures and stochastic organoids provide limited control over multicellular and matrix interfaces. This review categorizes biological crosstalk into intercellular, cell-extracellular, and intertissue communication and surveys biofabrication strategies that reconstruct these interactions. We propose a framework for designing physiologically relevant tissue models for mechanistic disease studies and therapeutic discovery.