Segmental vitiligo: A distinct entity with unique pathogenesis and clinical implications.

Segmental vitiligo (SV) is characterized by unilateral depigmentation, frequent leukotrichia, early stabilization, and unique pathomechanisms that differentiate it from nonsegmental vitiligo. This review systematically examines the epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and therapeutic advances in SV, emphasizing its classification as a distinct disease entity. Emerging evidence has provided significant insights into SV pathogenesis, including neurovascular factors, immune dysregulation, oxidative stress, and melanocyte dysfunction. Clinically, SV requires differentiation from other hypopigmentation disorders owing to its distinct progression and therapeutic challenges. Although conventional therapies exhibit limited efficacy, emerging approaches such as cellular grafting and targeted immunomodulation hold promise. This review advocates for future research to focus on the integration of multiomics data to establish SV-specific biomarkers and personalized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.