Endoscopic Diagnosis and Treatment of Colonic Diverticular Bleeding.

This is a description and critical analysis of current diagnosis and treatment of diverticular hemorrhage. The focus is on colonoscopy for identification and treatment of stigmata of recent hemorrhage (SRH) in diverticula. A classification of definitive, presumptive, and incidental diverticular hemorrhage is reviewed and recommended. The approach to definitive diagnosis with urgent colonoscopy is put into perspective of other management strategies including angiography (of different types), nuclear medicine scans, surgery, and medical treatment. Advancements in diagnosis, risk stratification, and colonoscopic hemostasis are described including those that obliterate arterial blood flow underneath SRH and prevent diverticular rebleeding. Recent innovations are discussed.