Nanomedicine beyond carriers - devices, cells & living therapeutics.

Nanomedicine has progressed far beyond its early role as an experimental drug-carrier toolbox and today stands as a clinically validated enabling technology. Liposomal formulations and albumin-bound nanoparticles have transformed cancer therapy, while lipid nanoparticle (LNP) platforms accelerated the rapid development and global deployment of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines-demonstrating how nanoscale engineering can reshape therapeutic response, manufacturing speed, and public health impact. With these successes as foundation, the field is rapidly expanding into more sophisticated delivery systems including cell-hitchhiking nanoparticles, biomimetic multivalent vaccines, implantable immunotherapy depots, high-loading polymeric micelles, organ-targeted gene and RNA carriers, and bio-hybrid extracellular vesicle and mitochondrial therapies. These platforms aim not only to transport drugs, but to modulate immunity, direct regeneration, and enable precision intervention at the cellular and molecular scale. This perspective summarizes the current landscape of biomedical nanotechnologies and outlines how their continued evolution positions nanomedicine as an enabling science driving the next generation of therapeutics.