Pathophysiology and recent findings of primary biliary cirrhosis complicated by systemic sclerosis.

Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) can be complicated by systemic sclerosis (SSc) and, more specifically, limited cutaneous SSc (lcSSc), which was previously called CREST syndrome. Moreover, combined PBC and SSc has been described in many case reports. Although neither the etiology of PBC nor that of SSc has been elucidated, some genetic and immunological factors are known to be shared. Both disorders are autoimmune fibrotic diseases characterized by increased levels of profibrotic cytokines transforming growth factor β (TGFβ) and interleukin-6, which have recently been suggested to influence T-helper 17 cells and regulatory T cells involved in acquired immunity. lcSSc is accompanied by CREST symptoms, although complete CREST cases are rare, with relatively high prevalence of Raynaud's phenomenon, sclerodactyly and telangiectasia, and lower prevalence of calcinosis and esophageal dysmotility. Because patients with anticentromere antibody positive PBC-SSc are at a high risk of developing portal hypertension, particular attention should be paid to the management of gastroesophageal varices. In addition, the management of SSc-related non-hepatic disorders, such as pulmonary fibrosis, pulmonary hypertension, heart disorder, infection and malignancy, is also important for improved outcomes. Because PBC is often complicated by rheumatic disease, hepatologists should keep the possibility of systemic disorder in mind when examining PBC patients.