Prenatal exposure to organophosphate ester flame retardants and behavioral outcomes in early childhood in the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) cohort.
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Oh Jiwon, Quirós-Alcalá Lesliam, Li Xuan, Kannan Kurunthachalam, Lyu Wenjie, Avalos Lyndsay A, Barrett Emily S, Bastain Theresa M, Buckley Jessie P, Cintora Patricia, Croen Lisa A, Dunlop Anne L, Ghassabian Akhgar, Habre Rima, Herbstman Julie B, Hernandez-Castro Ixel, Hertz-Picciotto Irva, Liang Donghai, McEvoy Cindy T, O'Connor Thomas G, Sathyanarayana Sheela, Schantz Susan L, Schmidt Rebecca J, Schweitzer Julie B, Starling Anne P, Volk Heather E, Woodbury Megan L, Woodruff Tracey J, Zhao Qi, Zhu Yeyi, Bennett Deborah H, ECHO Cohort Consortium
Аннотация
METHODS: We analyzed data of 2948 mother-child dyads from 12 prospective cohorts of the Environmental influences on Child Health Outcomes (ECHO) Cohort. Nine OPE biomarkers quantified in prenatal maternal urine were modeled based on detection frequency. Child behaviors were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist for Ages 1½-5. We used linear mixed effects models to examine associations between each OPE biomarker and composite T-scores. We evaluated child sex and social vulnerability as potential effect modifiers.
RESULTS: Low bis(butoxyethyl) phosphate exposure, versus non-detect, was associated with higher T-scores for all composite scales (βinternalizing = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.14, 1.98; βexternalizing = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.18, 1.95; βtotal = 1.19, 95% CI: 0.28, 2.11). Low and high bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCPP) exposure, versus non-detect, were associated with higher T-scores for externalizing problems (βexternalizing = 1.18, 95% CI: 0.29, 2.07; βexternalizing = 1.12, 95% CI: 0.21, 2.04). Conversely, detectable dipropyl phosphate (25% detection) was associated with lower externalizing T-scores (βexternalizing = -0.89, 95% CI: -1.74, -0.04). Associations between high BCPP exposure and higher externalizing and total problem T-scores were stronger among children from highly vulnerable neighborhoods compared to those from less vulnerable neighborhoods (p-interaction < 0.1). Child sex modified associations for bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate and high BCPP exposure, with males exhibiting greater adverse behaviors for all associations.
DISCUSSION: Gestational exposure to several OPEs may be adversely associated with early behavioral development.