The role of carotid bodies in opioid-induced respiratory depression.

Interest in respiratory stimulants has increased over the years. Research have intensified after the introduction of opioids that cause respiratory depression. In the most recent years, the indiscriminate consumption of opioids has generated concern and, consequently, there has been a growing number of studies focusing on respiratory stimulants that can mitigate opioid-induced respiratory depression (OIRD) without inducing withdrawal and identifying the molecular mechanisms. Carotid bodies (CBs) are polymodal sensors capable of detecting and responding to a wide variety of chemical stimuli, such as hypoxia, hypercapnia, hypoglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hyperleptinemia, among others. CBs have emerged as a potential therapeutic target to alleviate or eliminate OIRD. In this review, we present the most recent data on the mechanisms by which CBs may counteract OIRD. We also discuss whether CBs' stimulation may be a therapeutic target to relieve OIRD without affecting analgesia.