Compassion-based positive psychology group intervention (CB-PPGI) for individuals with personality disorders awaiting intensive treatment: a mixed-methods study of preliminary outcomes and acceptability.

INTRODUCTION

A compassion-based positive psychology group intervention (CB PPGI) is a promising approach to supporting personal recovery and mental wellbeing in individuals with severe mental health difficulties.

METHODS

This mixed-methods study examined the preliminary outcomes and acceptability of an 8-week CB PPGI in 18 adults with personality disorders (PD) awaiting intensive treatment. Mental wellbeing, psychological distress, and personality functioning were assessed across five time points up to 3 months post-intervention. Qualitative interviews were conducted with participants (n = 16, including dropouts) and therapists (n = 3) to evaluate acceptability.

RESULTS

Retention at the 3-month follow-up was 67% (12/18 participants). From baseline to follow-up, participation in the CB PPGI was associated with substantial reductions in psychological distress (BSI, d = -1.12) and improvements in personality functioning (SIPP-SF, d = 0.74). Positive mental health showed a moderate but non-significant increase over time (MHC-SF total score, d = 0.50). Emotional wellbeing improved significantly (d = 0.60), and psychological wellbeing showed a similar magnitude of improvement (d = 0.60), whereas social wellbeing did not (d = 0.22). Thematically analyzed qualitative interviews with participants (n = 16, including dropouts) and therapists (n = 3) indicated that the intervention was generally perceived as acceptable. The group format, strengths-based focus, and therapist support were particularly valued, although participants suggested improvements in pacing, session length, and content.

DISCUSSION: Overall, the CB PPGI appears to be an acceptable and potentially valuable strengths-based intervention for individuals with PD awaiting intensive treatment. However, conclusions regarding effectiveness are limited by the uncontrolled single-arm design. Further controlled studies with larger samples and extended follow-up periods are needed to evaluate effectiveness and broader feasibility.