Prevention of Venous Thromboembolism in the Surgical Patient and Inferior Vena Cava Filters.

The perioperative period carries an elevated risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE), including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Effective VTE prevention requires risk assessment using validated models or national society guidelines. Both patient-specific and surgery-specific bleeding risks must be evaluated. Health care providers must be well-versed in the various pharmacologic and mechanical VTE prophylaxis options. In certain cases, inferior vena cava filters may be indicated to prevent PE in surgical patients when anticoagulation is contraindicated. Proper management of VTE risk and bleeding risk is essential for optimal patient outcomes during the perioperative period.