Non-Hodgkin lymphoma arising in a vallecular cyst: A rare clinical entity.

Vallecular masses are uncommon lesions, typically benign. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) arising in vallecular cysts is exceedingly rare, with only three previous case reports documented in the medical literature. A 58-year-old male presented with a two-month history of throat foreign body sensation without any systemic symptoms. Physical examination and initial assessment appeared unremarkable. Fibre optic laryngoscopy and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CECT) revealed a 3 → 3-cm smooth cystic lesion in the right vallecula. Transoral collar-assisted surgical excision was performed, followed by a comprehensive histopathological examination. Histopathological findings confirmed the diagnosis of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma not otherwise specified (DLBCL NOS). Fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography showed no additional mitotically active lesions in nodal or extranodal sites. This case represents the first reported case of DLBCL NOS in a vallecular cyst. Despite NHL being a rare aetiology for vallecular masses, clinicians must maintain a high index of suspicion. A comprehensive multidisciplinary approach is crucial for accurate diagnosis and targeted treatment. This case underscores the importance of a thorough diagnostic evaluation for unusual vallecular masses.