Research Progress of Traumatic Brain Injury and Its Related Markers.

BACKGROUND

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) represents a leading global cause of mortality and disability, imposing substantial economic burdens on societies worldwide. Recent advances in molecular biology have identified several biomarkers with potential to improve TBI prognosis, yet these discoveries necessitate more comprehensive analysis and systematic summarization of their underlying mechanisms of action.

METHODS

This article systematically collates and reviews recent research on key molecular biomarkers in TBI, in-cluding AQP4, NF-κB, ICAM-1, GFAP, UCH-L1, NF-L, NGF, and tau protein. We have synthesized existing evidence and provide a narrative synthesis regarding these biomarkers' mechanisms of action, diagnostic accuracy, and prognostic utility in TBI.

RESULTS

The biomarkers summarized in this review play pivotal roles in the pathological processes of traumatic brain injury, including edema, inflammation, axonal injury, and neurodegeneration. Accumulating evidence indicates that these biomarkers demonstrate substantial potential to facilitate early diagnosis, enable accurate monitoring of disease progression, and improve assessment of long-term patient outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Monitoring these biomarkers holds significant clinical importance, as it enables early clinical intervention, optimization of therapeutic strategies, and ultimately reduction of disability and mortality rates. The translation of these biomarkers into routine clinical practice represents a crucial step toward improving outcomes for TBI patients.