Metabolomic profiling of ultra-processed food consumption and cardiovascular risk in Spanish preschool children: a cross-sectional study.
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Pérez-Acosta Josué A, García-Gavilán Jesús F, Margara-Escudero Hernando J, Aguilera Concepción M, Leis Rosaura, Gheorghita Irina, Miguel-Berges María L, Navas-Carretero Santiago, Sorlí José V, Lázaro Iolanda, Pastor-Villaescusa Belén, Vázquez-Cobela Rocío, Iglesias-Vázquez Lucía, De Miguel-Etayo Pilar, Vazquez-Bolea Natalia, Jurado-Castro José Manuel, Picáns-Leis Rosaura, Escribano Joaquín, Moreno Luis A, Torre-Aguilar MJosé de la, Gil-Campos Mercedes, Salas-Salvadó Jordi, Babio Nancy
Аннотация
METHODS: This cross-sectional analysis used baseline data from the Childhood Obesity Risk Assessment Longitudinal Study (CORALS), with children recruited between March 2019 and June 2022 through primary schools and health-care centres in seven Spanish cities. 1148 children were included (mean age 5.0 years [SD 1.1]; 50.6% girls) after exclusions due to medical conditions and incomplete or implausible dietary or metabolomic data. Energy-adjusted UPF intake (g/d) was assessed using a validated food frequency questionnaire and categorised with NOVA classification. 249 metabolites were quantified by NMR-based metabolomics, and lipid-related and amino acid-related profiles/scores were derived. A composite cardiovascular risk score (CVRs) was constructed by summing sex-specific, age-adjusted z-scores for fat-mass index, HDL-and LDL-cholesterol, triglycerides, mean arterial pressure, and Homoeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance.
FINDINGS: 19 metabolites were associated with UPF consumption after false discovery rate correction (FDR). A lipid-related score was positively associated with CVRs (β = 0.511; 95% CI: 0.413-0.610; FDR <0.001) and the amino acid-related score was associated with a lower CVRs (β = -0.494; 95% CI: -0.667 to -0.321; FDR <0.001). Discrimination of cardiovascular risk beyond covariates alone was higher after inclusion of metabolomic scores, particularly when both scores were considered jointly (ΔAUC 0.092, 95% CI: 0.013-0.172; p = 0.020).
INTERPRETATION: In Spanish pre-schoolers UPF-related metabolomic profiles were associated with different cardiovascular risk factors. These diet-related metabolomic scores capture biological correlates relevant to early cardiovascular health and align with early-life metabolic pattering, supporting future longitudinal studies and prevention strategies.
FUNDING: CIBEROBN; Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII-FIS; EU ERDF/ESF); ISCIII PFIS.