Recreational Ketamine Use among Individuals with Opioid Use Disorder: Demographics, Motivations, and Polysubstance Use.

BACKGROUND

Data show that recreational ketamine use appears to be increasing. This study aimed to understand how ketamine fits into broader polysubstance use in individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD).

METHODS

Survey data were collected from a sample of treatment-seeking individuals with OUD in March 2022.

RESULTS

Of 301 respondents, 28.6% reported lifetime ketamine use. Ketamine use was more frequently reported among males (61.9% vs. 37%; p < 0.001) and less frequently reported among individuals in rural locations (33.6% vs 15.7%; p < 0.002). Most respondents (70.9%) used ketamine to achieve a desired psychoactive effect, and 46.4% used to self-treat a physical or mental health problem, including mental distress symptoms and mitigating opioid withdrawal symptoms or cravings. Polysubstance use involving ketamine was prevalent (70.7%) and included marijuana (64.9%), alcohol (61.4%), cocaine (36.8%), MDMA (36.8%), hallucinogens (31.6%), prescription opioids (29.8%), and illicit opioids (29.8%). Negative experiences while using ketamine were reported by 32.1% and included central nervous system complications and mental distress.

CONCLUSIONS

Among this sample of individuals with OUD, motivations for ketamine use are varied and polysubstance use is common. Such behaviors, even when attempting to self-treat OUD or other health problems may place individuals at risk for psychiatric or physical health conditions, including overdose or death.