Biomedical simulations of electroosmotic non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid (blood) with hematocrit viscosity through a porous overlapping irregular stenosed artery.

Inspired by the therapeutic possibilities of drug delivery in cardiovascular disease management, the authors' objective is to investigate the hemodynamic phenomenon during the electroosmotic flow of non-Newtonian hybrid nanofluid through an artery featuring two types of stenosis (i) irregular and (ii) overlapping. In the present work, the authors have incorporated Ag-TiO2 as the hybrid nanoparticles in the blood and the Sutterby fluid is utilized to represent the non-Newtonian nature of the blood. Here, the authors' objective is to make the model more realistic for real life situation by considering a hematocrit-dependent blood viscosity which is due to the presence of RBCs in the blood. In the proposed model, the authors have incorporated the magnetic field and electric field in the radial and axial direction of the flow, respectively. Additionally, the authors have taken into account the effect of viscous dissipation, chemical reaction, Joule heating, thermal radiation, and body acceleration on the blood flow characteristics. The present model is governed by the non-linear PDEs' constituting continuity, momentum, energy, and concentration equations with suitable boundary and initial conditions. The authors have utilized the 'Explicit Finite Difference Method' with the help of MATLAB 'R2023a' software to get the graphical results for the wall shear stress, flow resistance, Nusselt number, Sherwood number, concentration, temperature, and velocity. Further, in the present work, the streamlines are plotted for various hemodynamic parameters. It is noticed from the results of the proposed work that Ag-TiO2/blood flow velocity dominates the velocity of Ag/blood. It is also observed that while increasing the nanoparticle volume fraction of 1%, the blood flow velocity rises 41.08% for the irregular stenosed artery and 37.93% for the overlapping stenosed artery compared to pure blood(base fluid). Moreover, the wall shear stress has higher magnitude for irregular stenosis than overlapping stenosis. Additionally, the authors have also validated their findings with the previous literature. The present simulations have a broad range of applications in biomedical engineering, diagnosis of tumors and brain aneurysms, extraction of blood clots, and magnetic targeted drug delivery.