Neuroprotective effects of cimifugin against focal cerebral ischaemic injury through inhibition of oxidative stress, neuronal apoptosis, and iNOS/COX-2 signalling.

BACKGROUND

Cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury is a leading cause of long-term neurological disability and mortality, primarily due to oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, blood-brain barrier disruption, and neuronal apoptosis. Despite extensive therapeutic research, the successful clinical translation of neuroprotective agents remains limited. This study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective potential of cimifugin - a flavonoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties - in a rat model of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO).

MATERIALS AND

METHODS

Rats were subjected to MCAO and treated with cimifugin at doses of 10, 20, and 30 mg/kg. Behavioural assessment was performed using the neurological deficit score and Morris water maze test. Brain infarct volume was determined by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Histological and biochemical analyses were conducted to assess cerebral oedema, oxidative stress markers, eg., malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and reduced glutathione (GSH), inflammatory cytokines eg., tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interleukin-6 (IL-6), apoptotic cell death, and the expression ofinducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2).

RESULTS

Cimifugin significantly improved neurological outcomes in a dose-dependent manner, as indicated by reduced neurological deficit scores and enhanced cognitive performance in the Morris water maze test. TTC staining revealed a marked reduction in infarct volume, particularly at 30 mg/kg. Cimifugin treatment also attenuated cerebral oedema and markedly decreased neuronal apoptosis. Furthermore, it reduced MDA levels while enhancing SOD and GSH activities, indicating robust antioxidative effects. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6), as well as iNOS and COX-2, was significantly downregulated.

CONCLUSIONS

Cimifugin exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral I/R injury through multiple mechanisms, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic pathways. These findings highlight cimifugin as a promising, low-toxicity, plant-derived candidate for managing ischaemic stroke and related cerebrovascular diseases.