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Множественный склероз

В этой главе содержится широкий обзор множественных склерозов (МС) для взрослых с целью выработки практического подхода к диагностике и лечению. Она начинается с изучения эпидемиологии и демографии MS, после чего подробно обсуждается патогенез и патология MS. В этой главе обсуждаются диагноз, различные стадии и симптомы MS. Вопрос о лечении этого заболевания, затрагивающего как лежащую в его основе патологию, так и симптомы, подробно обсуждается. К их числу относятся дискуссии по поводу существующих методов лечения, таких, как инъекционные и перорально-модифицированные методы лечения, моноклон

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
This chapter provides a broad overview of adult onset multiple sclerosis (MS), with the intent of providing a practical approach to diagnosis and treatments. It starts by looking at the epidemiology and demographics of MS, followed by a detailed discussion of the pathogenesis and pathology of MS. The chapter discusses the diagnosis, the various stages, and t…

Multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common disabling neurologic disease of young people affecting between 350 and 450,000 individuals in the United States. Substantial advances have been made in the diagnostic assessment and treatment interventions over the last 10 years such that we are now able effectively to treat both the disease process and the associated symptomatic complaints associated with MS. Most patients consult with their primary care physician at the time when the first clinical manifestations of MS emerge. These physicians play a central role in the early identification and trea…

Multiple sclerosis.

Differences in the risk of multiple sclerosis depending on racial background, and the high clinical concordance rates in monozygotic compared with dizygotic twins, have stimulated attempts to identify and locate genes that confer susceptibility to the disease. The risk of multiple sclerosis is increased from 1 in 800 in northern European Caucasians to 1 in 3 in the monozygotic co-twins of affected individuals, with intermediate rates for siblings, offspring and more distant relatives. Concordance rates in monozygotic and dizygotic co-twins of affected individuals rise to 35% and 15%, respectiv…

Multiple Sclerosis.

Many groundbreaking advances have occurred in the field of multiple sclerosis since this series last reviewed the disorder in 2014. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration has approved 7 new medications for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis and approved the first medication for primary progressive multiple sclerosis. The McDonald criteria for diagnosing multiple sclerosis were updated in 2017. New blood tests can now differentiate patients with multiple sclerosis from those with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, and 3 new medications have been approved specifically for the latter diso…

Multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common chronic inflammatory, demyelinating and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system in young adults. This disorder is a heterogeneous, multifactorial, immune-mediated disease that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. In most patients, reversible episodes of neurological dysfunction lasting several days or weeks characterize the initial stages of the disease (that is, clinically isolated syndrome and relapsing-remitting MS). Over time, irreversible clinical and cognitive deficits develop. A minority of patients have a pr…

Multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis continues to be a challenging and disabling condition but there is now greater understanding of the underlying genetic and environmental factors that drive the condition, including low vitamin D levels, cigarette smoking, and obesity. Early and accurate diagnosis is crucial and is supported by diagnostic criteria, incorporating imaging and spinal fluid abnormalities for those presenting with a clinically isolated syndrome. Importantly, there is an extensive therapeutic armamentarium, both oral and by infusion, for those with the relapsing remitting form of the disease. Caref…

Multiple sclerosis.

Due to its sensitivity to the different multiple sclerosis (MS)-related abnormalities, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become an established tool to diagnose MS and to monitor its evolution. MRI has been included in the diagnostic workup of patients with clinically isolated syndromes suggestive of MS, and ad hoc criteria have been proposed and are regularly updated. In patients with definite MS, the ability of conventional MRI techniques to explain patients' clinical status and progression of disability is still suboptimal. Several advanced MRI-based technologies have been applied to esti…

Множественный склероз

В докладах, представленных в этой главе, иллюстрируется картина множественного склероза как провокационного расстройства центральной нервной системы, вызванного сложным взаимодействием множественных генетических резистентных аллей и неизвестных экологических спусковых механизмов. Множественный склероз — это болезнь, в которой происходит первое обезвоживание нервов, за которым следует аксонное дегенерация. Обезвоживание вызвано воспалением, о чем свидетельствует синтез иммуноглобулинов в рамках CNS, и магнитная резонансная визуализация показала, что симптомы вызывают лишь незначительное число п

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The papers in this chapter illustrate the picture that has emerged of multiple sclerosis as an inflammatory disorder of the central nervous system, caused by a complex interplay of multiple genetic susceptibility alleles and unknown environmental triggers. Multiple sclerosis is a disease in which there is first demyelination of nerves, followed by axonal deg…

Multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Common manifestations include paresthesias, diplopia, loss of vision, numbness or weakness of the limbs, bowel or bladder dysfunction, spasticity, ataxia, fatigue, and mental changes. Four main patterns of MS are recognized: relapsing remitting, primary progressive, secondary progressive, and progressive relapsing. The cause of MS is unknown, although it appears to be an autoimmune disease. Much of what is known about MS has been learned from an animal model of the disease, experimental allerg…