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Anti-inflammatory effects of sacran, a novel polysaccharide from Aphanothece sacrum, on 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene-induced allergic dermatitis in vivo.

BACKGROUND: Sacran is a newly discovered sulfated polysaccharide extracted from an algae, Aphanothece sacrum, grown in a river of the Kyushu region in Japan. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate sacran's inhibitory effect in 2,4,6-trinitrochlorobenzene (TNCB)-induced allergic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. METHODS: Sacran was extracted by acid and alkaline treatment of A sacrum cyanobacterial biomaterials. To sensitize mice, 150 μL of 5% TNCB was applied epicutaneously on the abdomen of each mouse on day 1 and challenged with 15 μL of 1% TNCB applied on the ear skin of mice on day 8 and then every other day t…

Characterization of IS1515, a functional insertion sequence in Streptococcus pneumoniae.

We describe the characterization of a new insertion sequence, IS1515, identified in the genome of Streptococcus pneumoniae I41R, an unencapsulated mutant isolated many years ago (R. Austrian, H. P. Bernheimer, E. E. B. Smith, and G. T. Mills, J. Exp. Med. 110:585-602, 1959). A copy of this element located in the cap1EI41R gene was sequenced. The 871-bp-long IS1515 element possesses 12-bp perfect inverted repeats and generates a 3-bp target duplication upon insertion. The IS encodes a protein of 271 amino acid residues similar to the putative transposases of other insertion sequences, namely IS

Functional elements of the strong psbAI promoter of Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942.

The psbAI gene of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 is one of three psbA genes that encode a critical photosystem II react … he response to high light. The results are consistent with redundancy of promoter recognition among cyanobacterial group 2 sigma factors. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that the DNA sequence corresponding to the untranslated leader of the psbAI message binds one or more proteins from an S. elongatus extract. The corresponding region of psbAII effi …

Cloning, characterization and expression of carbonic anhydrase from the cyanobacterium Synechocystis PCC6803.

A 3.3 kb HindIII restriction-digest DNA fragment was isolated from a Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 subgenomic plasmid library which strongly hybridized to a 349 bp fragment of the icfA (ccaA) gene from Synechococcus sp. strain PCC7942. DNA sequence analysis of the fragment revealed three open reading frames (ORFs), two of which potentially coded for pantothenate synthetase (ORF275) and cytidylate kinase (ORF230). The third, ORF274, was 825 bp in length, encoding a deduced polypeptide of 274 aa (Mr, 30747) that bears 55% sequence identity to the Synechococcus icfA (ccaA) translation product,

Banxia Xiexin decoction alleviates N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine-induced gastric precancerous lesions by modulating the gastric microbiota.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE: Banxia Xiexin Decoction (BXD) is a traditional herbal formula with a history spanning over a millennium, sig … astric microbiota of mice at the phylum level predominantly consisted of Bacillota, Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, Bacteroidota, Actinobacteria, Desulfobacterota, and Campylobacterota.In GPL mice, dysbiosis was notably marked by an increased presence of Bacillota and Proteobacteria, with Lactobacillus and Streptococcus at the genus level being significant contr …

Tannins from Acacia mearnsii De Wild. Bark: Tannin Determination and Biological Activities.

The bark of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. (black wattle) contains significant amounts of water-soluble components acalled "wattle tannin". Follow … ark and antibiotics has also been studied. The extracts from A. mearnsii bark inhibit the growth of cyanobacteria. Wattle tannin has the ability to inactivate α-amylase, lipase and glucosidase. In vivo experiments on anti-obesity and anti-diabetes were also reported. Several patents relating to these enzymes for anti-diabetes and anti-obesity are in the literat …

Combined microbiome and metabolomics analysis of yupingfeng san fermented by Bacillus coagulans: insights into probiotic and herbal interactions.

BACKGROUND: Yupingfeng san is a traditional Chinese medicine formula composed of siler, atractylodes, and astragalus. The herbal medicine fe … and the B groups (P < 0.01). At the phylum level, in fermentation groups B3, B7, B11, and B15, the Cyanobacteria relative abundance decreased by 6.69%, 9.09%, 5.74%, and 2.24%, respectively (P < 0.05). The Firmicutes relative abundance increased by 39.73%, 35.65%, 49.09%, and 68.66% (P < 0.05), respectively. The Proteobacteria relative abundance decreased by 3 …

A study on the causal relationship between the gut microbiome and herpes zoster using Mendelian randomization.

INTRODUCTION: The relationship between herpes zoster recurrence and the gut microbiome was not studied. We analyzed data on the gut microbio … correlated with an increased probability of HZ (ICD-10: B02.901) reactivation. Additionally, phylum Cyanobacteria was identified as a potential risk factor for the onset of HZ rekindling (OR: 1.42, 95% CI: 1.09-1.87). Analyzing the results of the reverse MR, we also identified a potential inhibitory effect (OR: 0.91, 95% CI: 0.84-0.99) of HZ onset on the genus …

Genes Sufficient for Synthesizing Peptidoglycan are Retained in Gymnosperm Genomes, and MurE from Larix gmelinii can Rescue the Albino Phenotype of Arabidopsis MurE Mutation.

The endosymbiotic theory states that plastids are derived from a single cyanobacterial ancestor that possessed a cell wall. Peptidoglycan (PG), the main component of the bacteria cell wall, gradually degraded during plastid evolution. PG-synthesizing Mur genes have been found to be retained in the genomes of basal streptophyte plants, although many of them have been lost from the genomes of angiosperms. The enzyme encoded by bacterial MurE genes catalyzes the formation of the UDP-N-acetylmuramic acid (UDP-MurNAc) tripeptide in bacterial PG biosynthesis. Knockout of the MurE gene in the moss Ph…

Transmembrane signaling in chimeras of the Escherichia coli aspartate and serine chemotaxis receptors and bacterial class III adenylyl cyclases.

The Escherichia coli chemoreceptors for serine (Tsr) and aspartate (Tar) and several bacterial class III adenylyl cyclases (ACs) share a common molecular architecture; that is, a membrane anchor that is linked via a cytoplasmic HAMP domain to a C-terminal signal output unit. Functionality of both proteins requires homodimerization. The chemotaxis receptors are well characterized, whereas the typical hexahelical membrane anchor (6TM) of class III ACs, suggested to operate as a channel or transporter, has no known function beyond a membrane anchor. We joined the intramolecular networks of Tsr or

Inhibition versus potentiation of ligand-gated ion channels can be altered by a single mutation that moves ligands between intra- and intersubunit sites.

Pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs) are similar in structure but either inhibited or potentiated by alcohols and anesthetics. This dual modulation has previously not been understood, but the determination of X-ray structures of prokaryotic GLIC provides an ideal model system. Here, we show that a single-site mutation at the F14' site in the GLIC transmembrane domain turns desflurane and chloroform from inhibitors to potentiators, and that this is explained by competing allosteric sites. The F14'A mutation opens an intersubunit site lined by N239 (15'), I240 (16'), and Y263. Free ener

BMAA selectively injures motor neurons via AMPA/kainate receptor activation.

The toxin beta-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) has been proposed to contribute to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis-Parkinsonism Dementia Complex of Guam (ALS/PDC) based on its ability to induce a similar disease phenotype in primates and its presence in cycad seeds, which constituted a dietary item in afflicted populations. Concerns about the apparent low potency of this toxin in relation to estimated levels of human ingestion led to a slowing of BMAA research. However, recent reports identifying potential new routes of exposure compel a re-examination of the BMAA/cycad hypothesis. BMAA was found to

Signatures and likely sources of the male pregnancy microbiome in wild bay pipefish (Syngnathus leptorhynchus).

BACKGROUND: Understanding the origin and structure of microbiomes and their associations with ecologically significant host traits is essent … ence on the offsprings’ microbial communities. Overall, we identified Proteobacteria, Bacteroidota, Cyanobacteria, Planctomycetota, and Actinobacteriota as the dominant phyla spanning all surveyed bay pipefish tissue sites, consistent with previous teleost fish microbiome studies. Analysis of core microbiome and indicator species further revealed that sequences …

Activation of gut FXR improves the metabolism of bile acids, intestinal barrier, and microbiota under cholestatic condition caused by GCDCA in mice.

UNLABELLED: Abnormal bile acid (BA) metabolism is involved in liver fibrosis. In a previous study, we discovered that the hydrophobic BA gly … red with those in the control group. However, significantly increased abundances of Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria, and Patescibacteria were noted in the GCDCA group compared with the control group. GW4064 administration significantly improved the microbiota structure at the phylum level. The efficacy of GW4064 was also observed at the genus level. Correlation a …

Animal plasma membrane energization by chemiosmotic H+ V-ATPases.

Proton-motive forces are thought to be less important than sodium-motive forces in energizing animal membranes. On the supply side, proton-m … ase-like' ancestral subunits. They postulate that oxygen, introduced into the earth's atmosphere by cyanobacteria, was a selective agent as these key subunits diverged during evolution. Forgac has focused the issue more sharply by showing that the catalytic 'A' subunit of H+ V-ATPases has tow key sulfhydryl residues that are proximal to each other in the tertia …

β-N-methylamino-l-alanine causes neurological and pathological phenotypes mimicking Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS): the first step towards an experimental model for sporadic ALS.

β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (L-BMAA) is a neurotoxic amino acid that has been related to various neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this work was to analyze the biotoxicity produced by L-BMAA in vivo in rats, trying to elucidate its physiopathological mechanisms and to search for analogies between the found effects and pathologies like Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Our data demonstrated that the neurotoxic effects in vivo were dosage-dependent. For evaluating the state of the animals, a neurological evaluation scale was developed as well as a set of functional tests. Ultrastructural c

Propofol binding to the resting state of the gloeobacter violaceus ligand-gated ion channel (GLIC) induces structural changes in the inter- and intrasubunit transmembrane domain (TMD) cavities.

General anesthetics exert many of their CNS actions by binding to and modulating membrane-embedded pentameric ligand-gated ion channels (pLGICs). The structural mechanisms underlying how anesthetics modulate pLGIC function remain largely unknown. GLIC, a prokaryotic pLGIC homologue, is inhibited by general anesthetics, suggesting anesthetics stabilize a closed channel state, but in anesthetic-bound GLIC crystal structures the channel appears open. Here, using functional GLIC channels expressed in oocytes, we examined whether propofol induces structural rearrangements in the GLIC transmembrane

Структура и состав микробных сообществ в водной толще Южного залива Мексики и обнаружение предполагаемых микроорганизмов, деградирующих углеводороды.

В ходе этого исследования была проведена оценка сообщества бактериопланктонов и его связи с экологическими переменными, включая общую концентрацию нефтяных углеводородов (ТПГ), в районе шельфа Юкатан в Южном заливе Мексики. Анализ разнообразия бета на основе последовательности 16S rRNA показал различия в структуре общины бактериопланктона между участками отбора проб. ПЕРМАНОВА указала, что эти изменения могут быть связаны главным образом с глубокими изменениями (см.5 в адрес 180 m), концентрация растворенного кислорода (2.06 в адрес 5.93 мг L-1), и концентрация хлорофилла (0.184 в адрес 7.65 м

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… While, Cyanobacteria , Alpha‐ and Gamma‐proteobacteria were the dominant classes at depths of ≤100 m. Moreover Gamma‐ and Delta‐proteobacteria classes exhibited a positive correlation with depth (King et al., 2013 ). … Cyanobacteria , Flavobacteriia , Acidimicrobiia , Sphingobacteria and Verrucomicrobiae , constituted the most abundant groups (Figure 4A,B ). …

Review of the Ecotoxicological Properties of the Methylenedianiline Substances.

Concerning chronic toxicity, D. magna is the most sensitive species tested against MDA aquatic exposures, with a 21 days-NOEC of 0.00525 mg/ … rom about 20 to 60 mg/L; chronic data for fish are not available. Acute toxicity data for algae and cyanobacteria are in the range of 1-10 mg/L; based on growth rate, the 72 h-NOECr or ErC10 of MDA to algae is 0.3-9.3 mg/L.For sediment organisms, the black worm L. variegatus shows the highest sensitivity against MDA with a NOEC between ≤3.75 mg/kg and 30 mg/kg …

Marine harmful algal blooms (HABs) in the United States: History, current status and future trends.

Harmful algal blooms (HABs) are diverse phenomena involving multiple. species and classes of algae that occupy a broad range of habitats fro … estuaries since then, with ocean warming implicated as a causative factor. Numerous blooms of toxic cyanobacteria have been documented in all 50  U.S. states and the transport of cyanotoxins from freshwater systems into marine coastal waters is a recently identified and potentially significant threat to public and ecosystem health. Taken together, there is a si …