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Detection of Escherichia coli, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium spp. from drinking water, kitchenware, and flies in a periurban community of Lusaka, Zambia.

Fecal contamination with a poor water, sanitation and hygiene environment in urban informal settlements poses diarrhea risks. Little information is available on the contamination of environmental media with enteric pathogens in such settlements. We investigated the contamination of Escherichia coli, rotavirus, and Cryptosporidium spp. in water, on kitchenware, and on flies in urban informal settlements of Chawama and Kanyama, Lusaka, Zambia. These environmental media were examined by XM-G agar cultivation for E. coli and specific real-time RT-PCR assays to detect rotavirus and Cryptosporidium

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis: The Effectiveness of Probiotics for Viral Gastroenteritis.

BACKGROUND: Probiotics can be used for the treatment of viral gastroenteritis. OBJECTIVE: This systematic review is to evaluate the evidence regarding the effect of probiotics on human cases of viral gastroenteritis. METHODS: The objective of this review is to evaluate the effectiveness of probiotics against placebo or standard treatment for viral gastroenteritis. A comprehensive search of Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE via PubMed and Ovid databases, and unpublished studies (till 27 January 2018) was conducted followed by a process of study selection and critical appraisal by two independ

For Debate: The Controversy whether Rotavirus Vaccination Attenuates the Incidence of Childhood Type 1 Diabetes.

Recent epidemiological surveys performed in Australia, USA and Israel demonstrate that Rotavirus vaccination correlates with an attenuated prevalence and/or incidence of early childhood diabetes (T1D). Other studies failed to confirm the above.

Natural killer cells promote long-term hepatobiliary inflammation in a low-dose rotavirus model of experimental biliary atresia.

UNLABELLED: Biliary atresia is a rapidly progressive obstructive cholangiopathy of infants. Mechanistic studies in the mouse model of Rhesus rotavirus (RRV)-induced biliary atresia have linked the importance of effector lymphocytes to the pathogenesis of extrahepatic bile duct (EHBD) injury and obstruction in experimental biliary atresia; however, studies of the progressive liver injury have been limited by early death of newborn mice. Here, we aimed to determine 1) if a lower inoculum of RRV induces obstruction of EHBDs while allowing for ongoing liver inflammation, and 2) if NK cells regulat

Carbohydrate malabsorption in acute diarrhea.

A group of 245 well nourished infants with acute diarrhea were screened for carbohydrate malabsorption by evaluating stool pH and reducing substances in the stools. Carbohydrate malabsorption was diagnosed in 28 cases (11%). Clinical features of carbohydrate intolerance were present in only one case. The duration of diarrhea after admission ranged from 1 to 13 days (mean 3.9 days). An oral lactose tolerance test was consistent with lactase deficiency in 32% of all cases. Thin layer chromatography showed many carbohydrates including monosaccharides in the stools, indicating that the defect in i

Breath hydrogen test for assessment of lactose malabsorption following rotavirus gastroenteritis.

Ninety infants and young children with acute gastroenteritis were investigated for lactose malabsorption. Each of them was given an oral lactose load of 2g per kg of body weight after which breath hydrogen excretion was measured, and each was observed for clinical symptoms of lactose intolerance. Only 2 patients, given 2g per kg of lactose, had clinical lactose intolerance. Forty-nine of the 90 patients studied were found to have the rotavirus antigen in their stools. Forty-five of them were found to have an abnormal lactose breath hydrogen test (LBHT). Twenty-three patients with abnormal LBHT

Detection of rotavirus in faeces by latex agglutination.

Human rotavirus (HRV) in faeces of patients may be readily detected with high sensitivity and specificity using latex agglutination (LA) on a glass slide by making use of the cross-reactivity of anti-calf rotavirus (CRV) antibody. Latex particles were coated with anti-CRV immunoglobin. The antibody coated particles (AC-L) are specifically agglutinated by both CRV and HRV, and the agglutination is evident macroscopically within a minute. To examine the sensitivity and reliability of the LA method compared to other methods, HRV in faecal extracts of 48 infants with acute gastroenteritis was soug

Detection of potential enteric pathogens in children with severe acute gastroenteritis using the filmarray: Results from a three - years hospital-based survey in Northern Italy.

Acute gastroenteritis (AGE) are leading causes of morbidity and mortality in children. Therefore, rapid pathogens identification is needed. The AGE aetiology was investigated from 2018 to 2020 in 2,066 children in Parma (Italy) by FilmArray Gastrointestinal Panel and Enterovirus-targeting RT-PCR. Pathogens were detected in 1,162 (56.2%) stool samples from as many children; 798 (68.7%) were single and 364 (31.3%) mixed infections (68.7% vs 31.3%, P < 0.0001). Children aged 0-5 years showed the highest infection incidence (66.1%). The most frequent pathogens were Enteropathogenic Escherichia col

Proton Pump Inhibitors are Risk Factors for Viral Infections: Even for COVID-19?

During the ongoing pandemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), more attention should be paid to the balance of risks and benefits associated with proton pump inhibitors for the following reasons. One of the main functions of gastric juice is to inactivate swallowed microorganisms, thereby inhibiting infectious agents from reaching the intestine. Studies have documented that proton pump inhibitors are a risk factor for rotavirus, influenza virus, norovirus, and Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus infections, and are associated with an increased risk of acu

Occurrence and Role of Selected RNA-Viruses as Potential Causative Agents of Watery Droppings in Pigeons.

The diseases with watery droppings (diarrhea and/or polyuria) can be considered some of the most severe health problems in domestic pigeons of various ages. Although they do not always lead to bird death, they can contribute to poor weight gains and hindered development of young pigeons and, potentially, to poor racing results in sports birds. The gastrointestinal tract disorders of pigeons may be of various etiology, but some of the causative agents are viral infections. This review article provides information collected from scientific reports on RNA-viruses belonging to the Astroviridae, Pi

Immunodeficiency in a Patient with 22q11.2 Distal Deletion Syndrome and a p.Ala7dup Variant in the MAPK1 Gene.

The genetic basis for sporadic immunodeficiency in patients with 22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome is unknown. We report an adult with a type 1 (D-F) 22q11.2 distal deletion syndrome and recurrent severe infections due to herpes zoster virus, presenting mild T cell lymphopenia and diminished frequency of naive CD4+ T cells, but increased frequencies of central, effector, and terminally differentiated memory T cells. Antigen-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to influenza, rotavirus, and SEB were conserved in the patient, but responses to tetanus toxoid were temporarily undetectable. Exomic sequenci

Mixed viral infections causing acute gastroenteritis in children in a waterborne outbreak.

We examined stool specimens for viral pathogens from 50 children referred to hospital due to acute gastroenteritis (AGE) resulting from consuming drinking water contaminated with sewage in a Finnish community using PCR methods. Rotavirus was detected in 33 (66%), human calicivirus in 31 (62%), and both in 40% of cases. Of the caliciviruses, 20/31 (65%) were noroviruses and 11 (35%) sapoviruses. Furthermore, Aichi virus was detected in 25 (50%), adenovirus in six (12%) and bocavirus in four (8%) cases. Campylobacter jejuni was present in 20 (61%) and Salmonella in four (12%) of the 33 stools cu

Платформа Vero клеточных клеток при производстве вакцин: переход к вирусным вакцинам на основе клеток культуры.

Развитие систем клеточной культуры для распространения вируса привело к крупным достижениям в разработке вакцины от вируса. Системы первичной и диплоидной клеточной культуры в настоящее время заменяются непрерывными клеточными линиями. Эти субстраты получают все большее признание со стороны регулирующих органов, поскольку усовершенствованные технологии скрининга устраняют опасения в отношении их потенциальных онкогенных свойств. Линии Веро клеточной связи являются наиболее широко признанными органами регулирования и используются на протяжении более 30 лет для производства вакцин против полиоми

Совпадение в аннотации оригинала
The development of cell culture systems for virus propagation has led to major advances in virus vaccine development. Primary and diploid ce … velopment of a range of new viral vaccines, ranging from live-attenuated pediatric vaccines against rotavirus infections to inactivated whole-virus vaccines against H5N1 pandemic influenza. These developments have illustrated the value of this cell culture platform in the rapid development of vaccines against a range of virus diseases.

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy in caucasian children: two cases and review of the literature.

Acute necrotizing encephalopathy is a fulminant neurologic disease seen predominantly in Japan and Taiwan. We present two cases diagnosed at … first case was associated with extensive, but transient, hepatic involvement, recent varicella and rotavirus infections, and detailed metabolic studies, including mitochondrial functional analysis, were normal. The second case tested positive for influenza A infection, whereas evidence of liver damage was lacking. Both children demonstrated early lymphopenia and myoc …

Molecular epidemiology of outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis in New York State, 1998-1999.

This investigation evaluated the role of Norwalk-like virus (NLV) and other viruses (rotavirus, enteric adenovirus, and enterovirus) in 11 outbreaks of acute nonbacterial gastroenteritis that occurred in multiple settings in a span of 18 months in New York State. To determine the etiology of illness, patients' stool specimens were analyzed with a combination of reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nucleotide sequencing, cell culture, and ELISA diagnostic techniques. NLV was detected from all of these outbreaks, with an overall detection rate of 64% (51 of 79) for all sp

[Gastroenteritis of a nonbacterial nature in Sverdlovsk children].

The analysis of the results of the clinico-epidemiological and laboratory examination of children with clinical manifestations of acute gastroenteritis, admitted to specialized hospitals in Sverdlovsk during 1982-1983, showed that morbidity rate in Sverdlovsk was determined mainly by cases registered among children during the first 2 years of their life. Morbidity rate among children aged up to 1 year was 3-6 times higher than that among children of other age groups. Cases of gastroenteritis among children not belonging to organized groups were observed 3.9 times more frequently than in organi

Interventions in diarrheas of infants and young children.

To prevent diarrhea, efforts must be directed toward decreasing environmental contamination of enteropathogens, altering exposure of persons to naturally occurring agents, or to increasing host tolerance to prevalent enteropathogens. A vaccine is feasible in the control of certain enteric infections among high risk groups: typhoid fever and cholera, in areas of hyperendemicity or during an epidemic, shigellosis in institutionalized populations that are at risk to develop illness due to known prevalent serotypes, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli for US travelers to Latin America, and perhaps ro

Abnormal computed tomography findings among children with viral gastroenteritis and symptoms mimicking acute appendicitis.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate computed tomography (CT) findings in pediatric patients with viral gastroenteritis who presented with clinical features of acute abdomen. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During 2 seasons of viral gastroenteritis from 2005 to 2007, 302 children with acute gastrointestinal symptoms were admitted to our center for treatment of dehydration and associated complications. Stool specimens obtained from 130 of the 302 were tested for norovirus with the reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method. RESULTS: Among the 130 patients, 44 tested positive for norovirus, 34 for rotavir

Cryptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in calf diarrhoea in Sweden.

The objective of this study conducted in 75 herds was to investigate the presence and significance of Criptosporidium parvum and Giardia intestinalis in Swedish dairy calves in comparison with rotavirus, coronavirus and Escherichia coli K99+. The farmers were asked to collect faecal samples from each heifer calf that had diarrhoea between birth and 90 days of age, and also from a healthy calf of the same age. In total, 270 samples were collected and analysed. C. parvum, either alone or together with G. intestinalis and/or rotavirus, was detected in 16 (11%) and 6 (5%) of the samples from diarr